A Study of Globalisation Essay

Executive Summary This paper attempts to make sense of globalisation from a social and business perspective. Initially I will talk briefly about globalisation within our community and the different stand points those communities and individuals have taken; for and against globalisation. I will then talk about the multinational companies that have made the phenomenon of globalisation possible and these companies various impacts on societies and local communities around the world. The topic is further analysed by using multinational food retailing companies in Latin America as a case study. Displayed to the reader through this case will be a clear indication of how local communities and in particular their farmers are affected by globalisation and multinational companies. There are many different views on globalisation; and those against it oppose many different aspects of it. One of the countless reasons why there are anti-globalisation activists is due to the following: Multinational food retailing companies, the backbone of what is known as ‘globalisation’ within the supermarket industry, have in many cases entered small farming communities around the globe and destroyed a way of life for many of the farmers and labourers around them. Within Latin America these farmers have been forced to flee their homes to find refuge within the slums of the urban sprawls within their cities or even to cross borders into the USA. Introduction to Globalisation Definition: Globalisation can be defined as ‘ the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’ (Giddens 1990). It has also been described as ‘ process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions – assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact – generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networks of activity’. (Held, et al 1999) In relation to Latin America (the major area of discussion of this paper) globalisation can be defined as a practice or system that has affected several of the continents most persistent problems. Such problems would be the diverse extent of economic exploitation and social disparity that has branded Latin America ever since it’s European colonisation in the sixteenth century. (Harris & Halebsky 1995) Pro-globalisation: Free trade fosters prosperity and has an extremely important characteristic that affects our way of life. This characteristic is actually it’s tendency to be able to prevent war. Extensive research has shown that trade promotes peace both directly, by reducing the danger of military divergence, and indirectly, by promoting prosperity and democracy (Weede 2004). Globalisation and free trade in the 20th century and beyond can be compared with the 19th Century expansion of empires (like the British Empire). These empires built an infrastructure in developing countries; railways, ports and beautifully constructed colonial buildings were just some of the benefits these developing countries could take advantage of. Even though these commodities weren’t built for the benefit of the developing country (they were built for British trade) they still ultimately increased these countries abilities to trade and to become technologically independent. In the 20th Century infrastructure, technology, health and education systems implemented by the world powers, in developing and developed countries, has improved the overall quality of life for people worldwide, this does not include Africa. The average GDP for all countries except Africa has gone up; however the downside is; the difference between the rich and poor countries has also increased. The reason for this is that the countries introducing themselves to the developing countries are actually gaining a much more significant benefit. Anti-globalisation: This term is more commonly attributed to the political standpoint of certain people, groups and organisations that are in opposition to certain facets of globalisation. Those in resistance often oppose large multi-national company’s dominance of global trade agreements and trade-governing bodies like WTO (the World Trade Organisation) (Graeber 2002). Otherwise known as a social movement, anti-globalisation represents its participants in their opposition to large corporations who endeavour to attain and ‘have’ attained political power. Political power can be put into effect via international trade agreements, anti globalisation activists scrutinize these agreements, stating that they quite often undermine ‘the environment, labour rights, national sovereignty, the third world, and other various aspects of our everyday lives as human beings’ (Graeber 2002). It is common knowledge that globalisation and free trade can affect developing countries negatively, however, the worlds most developed countries and the people who live within them are also affected negatively. Globalisation forces job opportunities from these developed countries to other countries around the world and low skilled workers in developed countries lose their jobs. This increases the difference between the rich populace and poorer populace in that country. The following quote, from the United Nations, backs this statement up and shows us why there are anti-globalisation activists. ‘The richest fifth of the world have 80% of the world’s income and the poorest fifth have 1%; this gap has doubled between 1960 and 2000’ (United Nations 1999) largely due to the impacts of globalisation. As displayed above, multi-national corporations play a substantial role within the theory and practice of globalisation, these corporations are powerful by nature and currently account for over 33 per cent of world output, and 66 per cent of world trade (Gray 1999). These organisations even though considered to be global companies are still heavily ‘nationally embedded’ in terms of their business activity (Hirst and Thompson 1996). Despite this; multinational corporations still have considerable economic and cultural power. The next section of this paper will talk about these companies, their branding and how they affect communities around the world. Globalisation & Multinational Companies Social Impact (How do they impact our local communities?) Branding: The main driving force for the growth of multi-national companies and the globalisation of their impact is in their brand (Klein 2001). In the mid-1980s a management theorists came up with a seemingly harmless idea that successful corporations must primarily produce brands, as opposed to products. This idea led to the exorbitant expansion of wealth and cultural influence we see in multinational companies today and over the past fifteen years (Klein 2001). ‘Brand builders are the new primary producers in our so-called knowledge economy’ (Klein 2001). Modern multinational companies have used a strait to the point yet brutally honest approach to branding over the past fifteen years. This approach is that companies should not disburse their limited capital on factories that will require physical maintenance, on equipment that will decay or on workers who will undoubtedly age and perish. As an alternative, they should focus that capital in the processes used to build their brands (Smith & Smith 2002). Multinationals: Multinational corporations are in actuality weak and vague organisations that generally display the corrosion of everyday values that afflict practically all late contemporary social institutions (Gray 1999). Diverse communities around the world are impacted and exploited by these multinational companies. They continually create or contract business in countries where they can profit from cheaper wages and assets. As discussed earlier this ‘can’ mean added wealth and infrastructure for that community. However, it quite often means increased levels of unemployment in the city/country where the industry was located beforehand. Not to mention that the wages payed and work environment in the communities where the operations are implemented are usually relatively poor (Smith & Smith 2002). Below are a few examples that articulate this situation perfectly: * ‘The numbers of people living on less than $2 per day has risen by almost 50% since 1980, to 2.8 billion-almost half the world’s population. And this is precisely the period that has been most heavily liberalized’ (World Bank 2000). * ‘The world’s poorest countries’ share of world trade has declined by more than 40 per cent since 1980 to a mere 0.4 per cent’ (UNCTAD 1999). This has been precisely the period in which the majority of multinational companies have grown exponentially, and is obviously a large factor resulting from their growth. Multinationals apart from affecting whole economic systems of countries and communities also attempt to create new markets within these communities. They search for new markets which have not yet been exploited in order to increase sales; it is typically carried out by creating new desires among target groups. The easiest target market for multinational companies to create new desires for is the child and youth market. Prized not only for the influence they have over adult spending but also for their own escalating spending power, the youth of today are one of the most profitable and influential markets (Kenway and Bullen 2001). Despite all this negative hype about multinational companies; they ‘have’ played a very significant role in the growth of globalisation. Around the world individuals and communities are linked much closer to each other and information and money flow quicker than ever before. Globalisation and it’s creation of multinationals has resulted in making goods and services in one part of the world increasingly available in ‘all’ parts of the world. International travel and communication is also much more frequent. In all globalisation has made life easier for those who can actually afford the luxuries of travel and international business. (Sourcewatch 2006). The Food Chain; Survival of the Biggest A case study of Latin America and the detrimental effects globalisation and multinational food retail companies have had on it’s local farmers. ‘Commodity prices have fallen dramatically, by some two thirds over the past 30 years, so that farmers have had to triple production just to maintain their incomes. One example among many: in just the last three years, Tanzanian farmers experienced a decline of 50% in the price of coffee.’ (OXFAM 2001) ‘While farmers earn less, consumers have been paying more.’ (O’Neill 2001) Although, according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Latin America produces four times the amount of food needed to feed the population, 58 million people are still malnourished. Introduction: During the 1980’s a transformation within Latin America began; this transformation was one that would shape the future of farmers all over the continent for decades to come. For some it would be a positive change, however a large majority found it to be the opposite. The transformation I talk about is opening up of trade barriers within Latin America in order to allow food retailing companies access to the regions ‘un-commercialised’ and fertile lands. During the 1990’s the revolution in food retailing within Latin America accelerated extraordinarily as countries unbolted their economies to suit conditions for financing from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. As Latin America’s overall FDI significantly increased; multinational food retailers bought out local chains and entered joint ventures with the obstinate ones. The greatest fears for farmers in the region were realised when the multinational companies introduced unfair trade rivalry from American and European growers with weighted financial backing. Small farmers are constantly left to compete with the biggest world players as these food retailing chains (products of globalisation) move from large cities to smaller towns and from economically sound countries to ones still developing their economic and social systems (Dugger 2004). These chains are now the prevailing force in the trade of processed foods and they’re produce sales are growi ng to a similar reputation. When global food retail companies dominate a market, there are scenarios whereby it can be seen to be advantageous for all the citizens within that community. Such a scenario would be when the economy, of the region being taken over, is growing energetically and spawning decent jobs for globalisations losers, because in spite of everything the chains ‘are’ creating cheaper, cleaner and safer shopping environments for these societies. Samuel Morley, a visiting research fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), has written extensively on inequality and labour economics in Latin America, he stated that â€Å"It would be an appealing transformation of the sector if alternative jobs could be made available,† however these scenarios never seem to materialise in Latin America and other developing countries/continents around the world as they do not have economies of great strength. As Latin America’s population grows its economic situation trails further and further behind. In Latin America, 220 million of the total regional population of 500 million people are poor. The case study that I will shortly talk about outlines just how bad the situation in Guatemala is, Guatemala is actually one of Latin America’s ‘better off’ regions, with supermarkets controlling 10-15% of grocery sales. Therefore the case gives you an indication of what the more unfortunate farming communities, in Latin America, must have to endure. For example in Argentina supermarket chains control 30% of this industry and in Brazil; 50% (Dugger 2004). Rural markets shrink throughout the continent, even though the victims of globalisation are pushed to trade within them, these rural markets are slowly but surely lost in the black holes that we call multinational companies. Within a single decade Latin America’s farming communities have been transformed by food retail giants such as Ahold and Walmart. These multinational goliaths have transfigured food distribution by offering low prices, a range of choices and convenience; they are now also changing the face of food growing (Dugger 2004). This could seem positive to some, however it is far from that; there are thousands of Latin American farming communities who have been devastated by the unforseen and overwhelming challenges that these companies bring (Dugger 2004). The major visible impact that these changes have had within the farming communities over the past decade is the great increase in the number of, now penniless, farming migrants entering the urban slums of their own countries and crossing the American border to seek refuge from their new ‘corporately governed’ country side. Guatemala’s Local Farmers Suffer (Case): Within the serene confines of the extraordinarily fertile and incredibly poor Guatemala, supermarket giants have crushed farmers to the point where they are no longer able to maintain operations within the land they once called home. Guatemala was once, not long ago, a place where people swapped produce for service and service for produce, money ‘was’ required to sustain they’re everyday living, however, life was effortless and uncomplicated up until the multinational giants arrived on Latin American shores. Guatemalan man Mario Chinchilla would inspect his field of sickly tomatoes on a daily basis; he would labour all day trying to meet the requirements of the new supermarkets which had opened up in town, however no amount of labour could possibly turn his crop into the stout, flawless product that Guatemala’s leading supermarket chain offered to it’s customers (Dugger 2004). A better product at a cheaper price, it seems good all round doesn’t it, but at the end of the day it has ruined many people lives. The chain I talk about is a giant Dutch multinational company named Ahold (Worlds 3rd largest retailer). The Chain is so large it includes names such as Bi-Lo and Stop & Shop under its ‘assets’. For some time Mario headed a farmer’s cooperative that was managing to sell produce to the chain however this proved to be an ephemeral opportunity whereby the multinational chain ran away with the locals hopes and dreams, leaving them to sit in their unsold crops of rotting vegetables. The reason for this was because the multinational retailers require farmers who encompass the proficiency and capital to invest in modern farming technologies such as; ‘greenhouses, drip irrigation and pest control’ (Dugger 2004). â€Å"They wanted consistent supply without ups and downs,† said Mr Chinchilla. â€Å"We didn’t have the capacity to do it† (Dugger 2004). Inequality, rebellion and violent repression within Latin America has been a recurring problem for many decades, during the 1990’s there was already a gap between rich and poor and the supermarket chains have simply added to this gap. This time Latin America has tried a different (non-violent) approach. In order to fight for their right to live comfortably in their homeland farmers joined forces; there are rare success stories, however many (like Mario Chinchilla and his Co-op) have suffered a more common fate. In Guatemala there is a tiny farming community named Lo de Silva; more than 300 farmers who originally belonged to Mr. Chinchilla’s co-op, ‘the Association of Small Irrigation Users of Palencia’, were from this village (Dugger 2004). Out of those 300 farmers there are only 8 still enduring the torment that globalisation has brought them. These remaining farmers aren’t even able to sell to the supermarkets they sell their product to middle men for severely discounted prices; to top this off the only product the middlemen will accept from them is salad tomatoes. Mr. Chinchilla’s case is an ideal example that demonstrates how the opportunity of success for small farmers is a remote prospect to most. Small farmers are simply getting left behind due to their lack of market pull and marketing/operational techniques (Dugger 2004). A ‘survival of the biggest’ situation has been created – ‘only the big can serve the big; the small need not apply, as global companies wipe out local distinctions in establishing a level economic playing field.’ (Hannaford 2006). During the 1990’s food retail conglomerates went from controlling between 10 and 20 percent of the Latin American market to totally dominating it (Economist.com 1997). During this period, in Guatemala specifically, the quantity of supermarkets has more than doubled; as their share of food retailed has reached 35 percent. The smaller shops and open air markets still remain and retail a great deal of fruits and vegetables in Guatemala. For customers to leave these historically enriched and characterised markets and enter the newly opened supermarkets in the region, is to leave behind Guatemala and enter a commercialised shopping centre that could reside in Hong Kong or London, with it’s marked down jumbo packages and symmetrical fruits in plastic trays. None of this, however, matters unless the bottom line is understood. The bottom line is that the rules of the World Trade Organisation are actually taking second place in importance to the privately set standards of the food retail giants. Also pressures from the I.M.F. and the World Bank to allow greater foreign investment into Latin America were proposed to formulate more competitive economies for them; however it is obvious that this model didn’t have a community element at its centre. Hardships have come from; not only what I described previously (the fact that the farmers must sell they’re produce at much cheaper prices, better quality and in a more convenient matter) but also from the fact that that they are now competing with the rest of Latin America, the United States and even the world because trade borders have been opened to allow almost ‘anyone’ import and export capabilities. Rigid opposition from internationally renound growers is now a reality for Central and Latin American farmers; at a distribution centre, for a subsidiary company of Ahold in Guatemala City, shipments of ‘apples from Washington, pineapples from Chile, potatoes from Idaho and avocados from Mexico’ are brought in (Hannaford 2006). Conclusion Globalisation has positive and negative affects on our society. This paper has outlined in great detail the negative affects of globalisation and multinational food retailing companies on Latin America’s and the world’s small farmers. The reason for this is due to the fact that there were; only on occasion, very rare and unusual success stories to be found about smaller farmers succeeding in their sales to companies such as Ahold and Walmart, within Latin America. After researching farming communities’ around the globe, it can be deduced that Latin America is not alone in this battle to produce food and sell it at competitive prices, while still maintaining some sort of meaningful social existence. Asian, African and Indian farmers; have been heavily exploited. Even farmers within more developed countries such as Australia have had to sell their products at severely discounted prices in order to satisfy multinational company standards. Farmers world wide, are however, not alone. Traditional strategies of help to farmers that feel the hardships of globalisation, such as providing fertilizers and improved seeds, are no longer enough to enable them to sustain their businesses. Professors and agronomists are banding together to document trends and develop new methods of help that will allow the fleeing farmers of Latin America, Africa and Asia to compete with others in selling products to the multinationals. In the midst of the these methods a few techniques stand out, such as; regulations put upon the multinationals that require farmers be paid promptly, laws that restrain these companies from dominating entire markets (such as mergers of supermarket chains) and enhanced hygiene and convenience through technology at open-air markets. After reading this paper I hope you too can conclude it is important that societies living within the limitations of this amazing world are given the chance to experience life’s pleasures and break out of the chain of inevitable failures that multinational corporations have brought to them. Being given the chance to make an honest and fair living, is only basic compassion and mercy; two marvellous characterises that any individual can encompass. If multinational food retail companies and global companies in general were able to, in some way, display this, then Anti-Globalisation would be a much less used expression. References * Dugger, C. W., (2004) Foreign Desk Late Edition – Final, Section A, Page 1, Column 1, New York Times – December 28, Tuesday. (http://www.nytimes.com) * Economist.com, (1997) Survey: Business In Latin America – Back on the pitch, The Economist print edition. * Giddens, A., (1990) Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press. * Graeber, D., (2002) New Left Review 13, January-February issue, ‘The New Anarchist’. * Gray, J., (1999) False Dawn. The delusions of global capitalism, London: Granta. 262 pages. * Hannaford, S., (Last updated 2006) Small farmers versus oligopolies: No contest, (http://www.oligopolywatch.com). * Harris, R. L., Halebsky, S., (1995) Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America, chapter: â€Å"The Global Context of Contemporary Latin American Affairs†, (Boulder. CO., Westview Press.) * Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations – politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity Press. * Hirst, P. and Thompson, G., (1996) Globalisation in Question. London: Polity Press. * Kenway, J. and Elizabeth Bullen, (2001) Consuming Children: Entertainment, Advertising and Education, Open University Press. * Klein, N., (2001) No Logo, London: Flamingo. 490 pages. * O’Neill, B., (2001) What’s eating Us? OXFAM News. (http://www.oxfam.ca/news/WorldFoodDay/Whats_eating_us.htm) * OXFAM. (2001) Briefing Paper No 9, November. (http://www.oxfam.org.uk/search?SearchableText=Briefing+Papers&submit.x=19&submit.y=8) * Smith, M. K. and Smith, M., (2002) ‘Globalization’ encyclopaedia infed. (www.infed.org/biblio/globalization.htm) * Sourcewatch 2006 Globalisation, (Centre for Media and Democracy) http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Globalization). * UNCTAD. (1999) Conference on Least Developed Countries. (http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=3073&lang=1) * United Nations. (1999) Human Development Report. * Weede, E., (2004) The Independent Review, Volume 9, number 2, ‘The Diffusion of Prosperity and Peace by Globalisation’. * World Bank. (2000) Global Economic Outlook Report. Washington: World Bank.(http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,menuPK:232599~pagePK:64133170~piPK:64133498~theSitePK:239419,00.html)

Informatics In The Medical Industry Health And Social Care Essay

The chief subject of this assignment is ICD, one of the nomenclatures which influence the cryptography and categorization methods. The execution of coding and categorization is based on the Electronic Health Records ( EHR ) of the inbound and outbound patients. Before traveling straight into chief subject, I need to discourse what is EHR? What are the benefits and disadvantages of EHR? Why controlled Terminology is required for an EHR? What are the different cryptography and categorization systems? What can I anticipate in ICD-11? â€Å"Electronic Health Records:Electronic Health Records comes from the epoch of patient records where the chief subject of patient records are to derive medical cognition, for clinical research intents, for farther usage of informations and can easy be a opportunity of doing determination by analyzing the record in an unambiguous mode. Patient Records are many types and they are developed harmonizing to the usage in demand of today ‘s life [ 2 ] . Even though the chief intent of all types of medical records are same, like to educate clinicians, support for charge intents, support for clinical research and for epidemiological surveies, It besides has disadvantages depending upon the type of medical record and maintaining mind these disadvantages many new sorts of patient records have now come across [ 3 ] . In Paper-based medical record, the accessing of patient informations is made easy, but it has some restrictions like, no such patient has merely one wellness attention forces and no wellness attention force has merely one patient because one patient can hold may be more than one doctor and every doctor needs to look into old records like what prescription has been given and what should be the following process to follow, and those records can non be accessed immediately because paper based can remain merely at one topographic point, some may be losing, some can non be understood by other doctors due to their hapless hand-writing. These restrictions are non really utile in order to do a proper determination [ 3 ] . It besides has some advantages like paper based systems are less expensive and recording of informations is non really complex [ 2 ] . This can be overcome by presenting Computer-Based Patient Records or Electronic Medical Records, where wellness attention suppliers can easy entree patient ‘s whole wellness certification under individual wellness organisation and most of import is this information can accessed by merely licensed clinicians which can avoid security issues to maintain privateness of patient informations. When compared to informations storage it has disadvantages like, it requires more infinite to enter a patient information in a digital format than Paper based patient record, and besides considered to be more expensive due to the investings in hardware, package and besides the information saved will be lost if whole computing machine system clangs or fails to work [ 2 ] . Electronic Health Records ( EHR ) which has the capableness to entree patient ‘s wellness certification under several wellness organisations which is permitted to entree by merely accredited clinicians. The benefits by the EHR to the wellness attention professionals are as follows: Easy Access to Patient Data: Easy entree to all integrated patient informations taking from simple sort of informations. The doctors can do an effectual Clinical Decision Support. Portability: The doctors can entree patient informations anyplace even in ambulatory conditions besides and besides through portable devices. Clinical Order Entry: EHR can supply new clinical qui vives depending on the informations entered in electronic patient record. It besides has the capableness to demo some literature based on your entry, most of import is qui vives can warn clinicians about the dose of drugs and besides some allergic reactions. Quick Transfer of Information is possible through several wellness organisations through EHR can be possible [ 2 ] .EHR besides has some disadvantages:Understanding of patient informations without proper nomenclature is non possible for EHR. Collection of Data is impossible in EHR without controlled nomenclature. So, that is ground why medical controlled nomenclature is really of import for the EHR which is discussed in item in the undermentioned process [ 2 ] .Why do we necessitate Medical Terminology?Terminology is defined as a standard set of footings to denote a set of constructs [ 4 ] and Clinical Terminology trades about the constructs used in footings of statements in a medical record i.e. significance should be same if we use different constructs to do statements. For Example, This patient has an Endocrine disease and This patient has an Diabetes are said to considered as Terminological because constructs used to do statements denotes same intending [ 5 ] . Medical Terminology has some standard words or phrases to stand for what has happened to the patient, it does non let doctors to compose something in their ain words. So by stand foring harmonizing to criterions, every doctor whether he belongs to same wellness organisation or different wellness organisation can be able to cognize what had happened to the patient [ 6 ] . The chief end of Medical Terminology can be enhanced if all the patient has electronic patient records and patient centered information should be entered into the electronic based patient records so that it can be like Re-use of information for clinical and secondary intents and can be shared across different organisations, establishments [ 5 ] .Positions on Medical Terminology:Data Abstraction- procedure of abstracting the recorded informations and so delegate a label to the abstracted information ( delegating some specific term which can state whole significance ) from the nomenclature itself [ 7 ] . Data Representation is delegating codifications to each of the findings done to the patient like research lab findings, physical findings, type of drug administered [ 7 ] . Encoding of medical cognition is besides of import to portion the cognition or direct the informations to other clinical systems. This encryption is done in such a manner that computing machines can utilize it [ 7 ] . Benefits of encoding medical cognition: It allows for Alerts in footings of medical specialty prescriptions so that doctor can be cognizant of this state of affairs before he can turn to to the patient [ 10 ] . It can salvage a batch of clip for the doctors or admittance sections without rhenium come ining the patient record after analyzing the patient for multiple times [ 7 ] .Why Controlled Vocabulary and Coding systems for Terminology are of import?In past old ages, Imprecision and deficiency of Standardized Controlled Vocabulary has been a major assert for the wellness attention sphere. This is due to the complication between standardisation of medical cognition and nomenclature ( set of constructs ) . The structuring of medical informations in footings of acquisition, entering and storage is of import because it raises the confusion between the nomenclature and significances of the informations. For illustration, one doctor wants to seek for a word ‘Diabetes ‘ , whic h in fact merely detects patients who are recorded as precisely with ‘Diabetes ‘ as diagnosing but non with patients who are recorded as ‘Diabetic ‘ [ 9 ] and sing another illustration, one doctor declares and records informations as patient has ‘shortness of breath ‘ and another doctor records as ‘dyspnea ‘ , though the patient has same sort of disease but while recovering the patient informations can be displayed as patient with shortness of breath or dyspnoea depending upon the preciseness of the word entered at the retrieval country [ 8 ] . This is the chief job originating in footings of controlled vocabularies. This job can be solved by the Controlled Terminologies or Clinical cryptography systems which contain the list of standard set of footings which can expose the words denoted under the same set of criterions. For illustration, it can recover all the information of patients enduring from ‘Diabetes ‘ or organize ‘Dyspnea ‘ because these footings are registered under a same set of significances and besides physician can come in or enter the patient informations in different types of degrees. This is the chief advantages of controlled clinical nomenclatures or coding systems [ 7 ] .Clinical Coding and Classification Systems:International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) developed by WHO is the categorization of diseases and other wellness jobs by analyzing the wellness job records and critical records. It has the capableness to sort the diseases in a hierarchical manner so that wellness attention forces can easy recover and place the utile information. It is non merely used for retrieval intent but besides to roll up the population, morbidity and mortality statistics [ 11 ] .Purpose of ICD:The chief intent of ICD is the systematic agreement and in a structuring format by comparing and analyzing the causes of mortality and morbidity informations collected from different states. The recording of the information is automatically converted from words to alphanumeric codifications which enable easy storage and retrieval of informations [ 11 ] . The chief primary purpose to develop ICD to come in mortality statistics based on the decease certifications and subsequently depending on the alterations of different ICD ‘s taking ICD-1 to now utilizing ICD-10, the group decided to besides include morbidity statistics for diagnostic intents. It besides has the capableness to sort diseases based on the marks, symptoms and unnatural findings where any wellness attention forces can easy derive cognition in an unambiguous mode. It is besides used for charge intents [ 9 ] .Structure of ICD-10:Taking from old versions of ICD to late developed version of ICD-10, the construction of ICD follows same construction which was antecedently proposed by William Farr. The construction of ICD-10 is based on Epidemic diseases, general diseases, local diseases, developmental diseases, hurts [ 9 ] . The construction of the list of categorization of diseases can be shown in the below tabular array [ 9 ] , which is divided into separate columns each column has Chapters, Codes and Description of that diseases [ 9 ] . It has list of 21 chapters and a set of codifications are assigned to each chapter. Each codification has foremost missive as an Alphabet and each Alphabet is assigned to each chapter but in chapter 2 Neoplasms has D alphabet and besides D alphabet in Diseases of blood. In general, codifications are assigned as three character codifications which is said to be chief or core categorization of a disease and sub classs of that disease can be denoted as four character classs. To be explain more in item, sing one sort of disease from the tabular array, say Chapter 2 Neoplasm which has codifications from C00-D48 and subcategories which are malignant tumor of Neoplasm are assigned as codifications C00.0-D48.9 three characters followed by an extension with a point. The ICD-10 codifications are denoted in alphameric codifications whereas ICD-9 is denoted merely in numeral codifications merely. There are fresh U codifications in ICD-10 [ 9 ] . Table: Division of ICD codifications into Chapters [ 9 ] .Troubles in ICD-10:There is no possibility of naming the constructs once more under anatomical parts for the constructs which are one time represented in a individual hierarchy. For illustration, if some disease caused by chest malignant neoplastic disease is mentioned in Chapter 2, it can non be mentioned once more in the anatomical parts of diseases covering chapter 6- chapter 16. Even though chest malignant neoplastic disease is related to anatomical part chest, it can non be covered in chapters of anatomical parts. This is the chief drawback of ICD-10 [ 9 ] . If we want to update a new codification which surely fits under some chief codification for illustration, see chief codification C00 for some disease and we want to update some disease which absolutely suits under chief codification as a sub class codification, it is non at all possible by ICD-10, because updating requires an empty infinite to make full which says that it is non possible to update on behalf of already used codifications [ 9 ] .Revisions:The purpose of alterations is to non alter the full construction of the old versions, have to see how to develop an easy manner of accessing medical cognition is possible without any complications, confusions, struggles. The freshly developed versions includes most ( major nucleus ) of the content, construction every bit same as old versions, merely minor alteration and based on that merely minor alterations can be possible depending on the troubles raised by utilizing the present versions and those troubles are avoided and expected non to see in the hereafter development of versions. When compared with alterations based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 alterations made are: Expanded from a individual 3-digit ICD-9 class ( 001 ) to a 3 digit ICD-10 five classs ( A00-A005 ) . ICD-9 numeral codifications to ICD-10 alpha numeral codifications. Transfering from one codification to other codification in the categorizations [ 11 ] .Future Version of ICD ( ICD-11 ) :What I expect to be changed from ICD-10 to ICD-11: â€Å" Depending upon the troubles raised in ICD-10, the constructs based on diseases of anatomical parts should be included in anatomical parts constructs because even if person who are non so familiar with some hard footings which denotes the disease can easy be happen the information in anatomical parts and everyone knows the anatomical parts where disease is really in the patient organic structure. So, disease under anatomical parts is of import † . â€Å" Categorization of diseases, mortality and morbidity statistics can be done individually under separate chapters for Adults, Neonatal attention, Small kids, Old people so that they can easy distinguish for determination support. This will be a job in footings of dose of drugs and thereby allergic reactions caused by them because dose factor is really less for grownups when compared to little kids † . â€Å" Particular sort of categorization can be best thoughts when Neonatal attention is taken into consideration due to most of them are affected by bosom diseases or tumor at a really early age † .Decision:â€Å" As far EHR is concerned, it is really of import in every wellness organisations so that information can be readily available for the doctors where they can treat in an efficient mode. EHR with Controlled Terminologies and Clinical Coding Classification Systems are besides of import for an easy entree to the medical cognition. More figure of nomenclatures are being developed by recognized organisations like WHO, National Centre for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) where doctors can anticipate an easy manner of accessing medical cognition For Example, function ( associating ) of nomenclature with ICD like SNOMED CT which one of the controlled clinical nomenclature † .

Intercultural communication with the peterson family Essay

After a year of living with my brother, I moved in to live with the Peterson family in Montclair, California. Jason Peterson was a physics professor at the University of California at Berkeley while Mary Peterson was a schoolteacher. Living with the Peterson family made me grapple with the difference between American and Afghan culture. The American way of expressing affection in public and open intimate relationships at first shocked me. Afghans are very personal and private when it comes to displays of affection. Kissing your wife or girlfriend in front of others would be a serious breach of manners. The expression of affection between Jason and Mary when one of them arrived from work used to make me uncomfortable but I eventually got used to it. I still find it truly paradoxical that while Americans openly display affections, the value they accord to privacy and personal space is very high. I could not comprehend why they value privacy when in fact they could not keep intimate shows of affection in private. At first, I would often innocently intrude into the room of Jason to ask something. Or, when he was deep in thought in the living room wrestling with what looked like a work-related task, I would tactlessly start a conversation with him. In situations like those, his reaction would be one of initial shock. Sensing that my act was prompted by my desire to express belonging with the Peterson family, Jason would break into a knowing smile. I knew he could feel my embarrassment, as I did with his own embarrassment for his initial show of displeasure. Becoming aware of the discomfort I caused in those situations, I eventually resolved to keep my distance in those situations and to respect privacy according to American standards. Like most Americans, Mr. Peterson was direct and to the point when discussing matters with his wife. With me, however, he chose to make me learn American social norms through his reaction to what I did or what I was doing. I took cues from his reaction and I was certain that he simply did not want me to feel ashamed of my actuations. After a month, we got to sit down together from time to time. He started asking me about Afghanistan. Being given the chance to share with him the life and cultural practices in Afghanistan seemed to unburden me. Through our conversations, he began to understand me in a different light and I am grateful that those conversations did happen. I also began to understand and accept American culture for what it is. At first, whenever I encountered a seemingly weird American custom from the Afghan viewpoint, I would automatically and mentally scrounge for a similar custom of Afghanistan and attempt to compare them. I eventually realized that this automatic evaluation of American culture that I usually do as some sort of a reflex action is a contributory factor to my resistance to some aspects of American culture and may perhaps even be a hindrance to my assimilation of the host culture. Even if I was close to Mr. Peterson on account of our â€Å"cultural conversations,† I maintained physical and emotional distance from Mrs. Peterson. In hindsight, I also realize that such aloofness on my part did not spring from the fact I did not like her. In fact she was such a very gracious and accommodating lady that sometimes her concern embarrassed me. I still unconsciously carried with me the Afghan notion that another man’s wife or female children are off limits to others. Afghan strictures relating to the marriage bond are much more demanding than those of Americans. Perhaps I was apprehensive that Mr. Peterson would look at my attempts to communicate with his wife from an Afghan standpoint. In this case, I was on the losing end. I could have had a more profound communication level with Mrs. Peterson as I had with her husband if only I did not have such an apprehension at the back of my mind. The American concept of personal space was something that I could not comprehend at all. For Afghans, one’s family extended to almost all relatives unlike the very exclusive nuclear family of Americans. This extends to the use of gadgets and other household items. When my Afghan friends came to visit me in the residence of the Peterson family, some of my Afghan friends unconsciously behaved as though the family that I was with was Afghan. They engaged in horseplay and laughed boisterously which did not sit well with the Petersons, using their reaction as basis. I cautioned my friends who, to my relief, took my admonition seriously. When they all became very quiet on account of my warning, the atmosphere became unbearably silent. The Peterson couple sensed the sudden change of mood and in their embarrassment took pains to make me and my friends feel welcome. Such an event would not have happened if my friends and I had been conscious of the fact that the American concept of family and belonging did not extend to friends and relatives, the way the Afghan concept does.

Negotiation Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negotiation Case - Essay Example Due to this economic slowdown, General Motors has been forced to take these decisions which are completely in contrast to the policies of is Chief Executive Officer. This has weakened the condition of GM among the other parties. Statements from the Chief Operating Officer, such as ‘We need support’, etc. has portrayed GM as very vulnerable to the oncoming negotiations. It is very challenging to arrive at an accurate BATNA (Best Alternative to Negotiated Agreement), as GM’s only choice is to shut down its operations across four plants as planned. GM expects to get at least $ 4.18 million from Germany and the other countries in the region. This will be the target or the aspiration point for General Motors. This will enable GM to effectively overcome its liquidity issues in Europe. It is also very essential for GM to continue to have a controlling interest and stakes in the functioning of Opel in Germany. The board of GM should continue to own at least 50% of the stakes in Opel in order to have a controlling interest in the company. Hence any claims by the German Government to own more than 50% of Opel will be the walking away point for General Motors. The Government, on the other hand, though has a higher hand, has to consider the main consequence of shutting down the Opel plant in Germany. It has been estimated that around 25,000 jobs would be lost as a result of closing Opel. This will add to the country’s unemployment rate in this global economic recession period. However the country has another option to invest in the overall infrastructure and other sectors within the country which will create more jobs in the country. However, the Government also has to face the Opel Labor union, who has the only goal of retaining their jobs and obtaining job sec urity for the current employees of Opel. Hence the pressure on the

Importance of managing the psychological contract and the challenges Essay

Importance of managing the psychological contract and the challenges associated with it - Essay Example The term ‘psychological contract’ thus refers to expectations within a relationship, and the manner in which these expectations transform, affecting one’s behaviour over a period. The term has gained recent popularity, and it is used for delineating mutual expectations between an organisation and its employees. Psychological contract, which is a form of unwritten agreement between an organisation and the employees, is fast changing its form after the 1990 and 2007 economic crises. Short-term and contractual employment is increasingly gaining more popularity within organizations, owing to which psychological contract, which is related to the concept of self-actualisation, is gaining significance amongst employees. This transformation in the nature of psychological contract has various ramifications on the employers that look for motivation among to its employees to achieve all organizations goals. This essay explores the concept of psychological contract and its ma nagement within current times, and the various challenges associated with it.... These interpretations influence employee behaviour, by changing the understanding of what is meant by psychological contract for each individual employee (fig 1). Business strategies (implementation and resources) HRM (interpretation) Psychological contracts Fig 1: Link between business strategies of an organisation, its HR practices and psychological contract (Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, 1994: 464). Defining the term ‘psychological contract’ Argyris (1960) first used the term psychological contract in order to delineate the subjective nature of an employer-employee relationship first used the term psychological contract. Rousseau (1990) suggested that a psychological contract refers to the mutual understandings, oral or written, concerning the commitments between employees and an organisation. From an operational perspective, psychological contracts perform two functions: they give the organisations an idea of results to be expected from their employees; They predict the gains that employees will receive in return for their time and effort invested in a firm. The relationship that comprises of mutual exchanges between an employer and his employees vary from being legal to psychological (Spindler, 1994). Agreements, laws, or a contract signed by the employee (containing details such as salary, working hours, benefits, etc.,) often frame this mutual relationship. Besides these, however, often an employment relationship is defined by what is known as the ‘subconscious’ (Spindler, 1994). In this context, a psychological contract refers to the ideology that creates a framework for comprehending the ‘subconscious’ relationship, or the ‘hidden’ arenas within an employment relationship (Shore and Tetrick, 1994). A

Securing Critical Infrastructures and Cyber Systems Assignment

Securing Critical Infrastructures and Cyber Systems - Assignment Example rrespondence to securing our cyberspace will eventually affect how safe and secure we are as a country and the benefits our country will reap from this digital era. Infrastructure control systems face risks because of system vulnerabilities, cyber threats and grave probable effect of attacks as displayed by reported incidents. Cyber threats can be targeted or untargeted, intentional or not and come from numerous places. Control systems are nowadays more vulnerable to cyber-attacks because of numerous reasons, counting the increased connectivity of systems through the internet. From evidences of past control attacks, it is clear that effect on critical infrastructure is vast. In 2003 for instance, a computer virus shut down the train signaling system all through the East Coast. In 2006, a foreign hacker planted malicious software that had the ability of affecting a water treatment plant’s operations. Infrastructure owners face organizational and technical challenges to securing control systems. Technical challenges include restricted processing abilities, design constraints and real-time operations all of which deter the owner’s ability to implement information technology security processes. Organizational defies which include difficulty in coming up with convincing business case for capitalizing in security and contradictory priorities of information security personnel and engineers. Numerous private sector acts such as standard setting associations and trade associations are putting up efforts to aid in securing control systems. The efforts put forth by the private sector entities include, providing guidance to members, developing standards and hosting workshops on security of control systems. For instance, the electricity industry recently advanced standards for the cyber security of their control systems and a trade association (gas) is in the process of developing gu idance to members to use encryption as a security measure to protect control

Nonprofit Governance WA 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nonprofit Governance WA 2 - Coursework Example According to a report published by the Charity Watch (2012) of the American Institute of Philanthropy, AFM’s revenues in 2009 increased to $1.3 million, and that it sold food to everyone that wanted to buy it at low costs instead of selling food only to the people that were needy. After a four-year investigation, the federal investigators laid numerous accusations against the AFM owners that included Joe and his wife Linda Wingo, son Andy Wingo and an employee Harry Michaels. These accusations included fraudulent dealing and reporting of funds, funds diversion, unethical dealings with suppliers and vendors, using funds for personal gains and lavish life styles etc. These findings eventually resulted in shutting down of AFM besides prosecution of the accused. White (2010, p.153) specifies that the four essential concepts that form the backbone of ethics in non-profit organizations include disclosure, transparency, avoidance of conflict of interest, and oversight. At AFM, the owners’ intentions were not aligned to the needs of the people they wished to serve. Moreover, their multiple principles seemed to contradict each other. For instance, AFM’s mission to serve the people in need did not correspond with the owners’ intentions of making money and their inclination towards lavish life styles. The founder actually saw a business opportunity amidst increasing costs, which he continued to harness by adopting nonprofit model in order to get easy funds and access to the target market. This intention itself was unethical. Employees that knew about these practices also tried to take undue advantage of the situation. Non-profit organizations function largely based on trust, which helps them to acquire funds, partners, and relationships. Hence, it becomes all the more important for the leaders/owners to exhibit integrity and transparency; and to be accountable for their funds and resources. In conclusion, the Wingos’ and their

Psychology in the development of the society and the human Essay

Psychology in the development of the society and the human civilization - Essay Example Humans move, act and live according to their instincts and these are guiding by the wants and needs of the person but sometimes, the rate of the person's reactions are either accelerated or slowed down according to their psychological judgment. This is actually the influence of motivation to the person's psychological state. Thus, human motivation is the psychological factor that guides the judgment and reaction of the person's towards his or her aim. According to Abraham Maslow, human motivation is usually focused on the benefit that the person can achieved by the acquisition of it and these are actually directed towards the needs and the wants of the person. The benefits are regarded in the psychological aspect as the pleasure achieved by satisfying a specific need. This idea is usually regarded with the term arousal meaning the excitement or sensation acquired through satisfaction. Effects of motivation with regard to the role of arousal can be observed in the daily actions of the people. For example, take a case of a certain teenage boy who is motivated to develop his physique to acquire a muscular build. He endures the challenges enticed with his decision because he is focused on the benefits that his desire will provide on his esteem. Thus, he is motivated to satisfy his needs for personal esteem. Another is a case of a teenage girl who is firmly decided to have a diet. Her case is actually the opposite of the previous case because she is one the side of motivated procrastination to achieved personal satisfaction on the aspect of her personal esteem, which her slim and sexy physique will boost. Accordingly, she her actions will also gratify her safety needs regarding her company because her desires expressed her need for acceptance to her desired social group. In addition, her procrastination will limit her satisfaction regarding food consumption aspect but on the other hand, it will fulfill her physiological need for a healthy lifestyle. Thus, the fulfillment of her psychological needs will give her satisfaction, which is actually the aspect that motivates her. Thus, it is viewed that people's actions and decision are actually products of their desires and needs and the satisfaction that they will achieve by fulfilling that needs that actually motivates them to pursue that their aims. This is a classic example on how outside sources of "social push" actually affects people's personal decisions. Hence, to be able to prove the real essence of the mentioned matter herein, this research shall try to utilize a survey-interview procedure to check on how human individuals actually handle the different elements in the society that makes it certain for their personality to change every now and then. To handle the collection of data for this particular research project of human personality development and social interaction, the researcher decides to utilize the results of a survey report that would be given out to at least 80 participants. On the part of the researcher, the said number of participants is already reasonable enough to make the entire research more accurate in terms of research results. The said 80 students would be

The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia Annotated Bibliography

The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia (Style is Annals of the Associatio n of American Geographers , AAAG) - Annotated Bibliography Example The organization is among the leading immigration law firms in the USA. The article provides detailed information on the rights of an immigrant in the USA. This information is useful in comparing and contrasting what happens in Saudi Arabia and hints at how Saudi Arabia may integrate immigrants physically and culturally. This popular website lists down a number of rights that are related to immigrants such as, entitlement to pay for full time work and overtime for every extra hours taken, this is regardless of the employees legal status. Other rights listed by this website include upholding o fair treatment at work without detention against someone’s will, no confiscation of documents as the employee retains the right to keep their documents and even right to refuse unlawful search and arrest that is without warrant signedby a judge. This website is relevant as it aids in comparing immigrant status between the two countries (Immigrant rights in USA). This website is designed to give detailed statistical information of countries and cities. It gives the population of Saudi Arabia in a clearly and provides up to date information. It also details the percentage of immigrants in the land. This popular website estimates immigrant population in Saudi Arabia to be about 31 percent of the total population with a migration rate of 0.59 for every 1000 people. It lists countries with highest immigrant in Saudi Arabia to be India, Pakistan and Egypt respectively. Quoted in the article is the significant decline of Yemenis in the country as about 800 thousand were thrown out of the country. Exposed also is that certain nationalities are forbidden from entering the country these include Palestinians and Israelites (population of foreigners in Saudi Arabia). Both Simon and Lynch are professors at the Department of Justice and society at the American University. The book gives an insight into

Discuss the implication of globalization for the organized labour Essay

Discuss the implication of globalization for the organized labour movement in rich countries - Essay Example The process of globalization, with the liberal economic policies, which have been adopted by many countries, has come to weaken the strong foundation upon which many trade unions have been built. Globalization has intensified the economic competition among the various developed nations of the world and to increase this competitiveness, these countries have adopted very liberal trade policies to ensure that their products remain at the top of the global market. These new policies have had an impact on trade unions in very negative way because one of their key parts are the legal restrictions which have been placed on the rights of workers for the sake of a higher efficiency of the economy. A major consequence of these restrictions has been the fact that trade unions in these countries have come to lose those rights, which they had struggled for many years to gain, and this has ensured that the political foundations of such trade unions have been increasingly weakened1. At the same tim e, the liberal policies that have been brought about by globalization have been creates more in favor of the employers than the workers. These policies advocate for the flexibility of the labor market and this has meant that the labor market has been deregulated and that employers have been empowered in areas the hiring of workers, their firing, the choice of how much to pay them, as well as the choice of the use of labor. As a result of this, informal employment and other cheap forms of labor have become prevalent because employers prefer them not only for the cheapness of wages paid to them, but also for the fact that they do not have to cover them in such matters as insurance and safety. This has made it very difficult for trade unions to be able to organize workers into the powerful force that they previously were because many of these informally employed people are not members of unions. The swift change in the development of equipment as well as the globalization of the econom y has led to the acceleration of structural adjustment. With the division of labor on the international scene, some of the developed countries have opted to shift those enterprises that they consider labor intensive to other countries where there is cheaper labor. This has led to the trade unions in these countries to lose those industrial sectors, which had been their traditional bases of support. To add to this, the use of new technologies in such traditional industries as steel, manufacturing and construction has led to the drop in the demand for labor from these industries due to the fact that most of the labor within them has become redundant. Moreover, the traditional ways through which trade unions worked have been challenged by the development of the Information Technology and other related industries, and it is against this background that trade union activities in developed countries, are on the decline2. Globalization has enabled the speeding up of the work of trade union s at an international level. Trade unions have developed as a product of the social and economic conflicts that have been brought about by industrial disputes. They gain their legitimacy through their legalization at a national level and they function as the protectors of the rights of the workers who fall within their jurisdiction. Due to the globalization

Marriage in Other Countries Essay Example for Free

Marriage in Other Countries Essay This paper will be about a traditional dress from my native land and other countries. The traditional dress I will be writing about is called a wedding dress. A wedding dress is used throughout the world in various countries including China, Japan, India, and Vietnam. This paper will also detail different cultures, religions, types and colors of wedding gowns that symbolize the bride or groom wealth, occupation and or belief. In the Americas, weddings performed during and immediately following the middle ages were often more than just a union between two people. They could be a union between two families, two businesses or even two countries. Many weddings were more a matter of business than love, particularly among the wealthy people. Brides were therefore expected to dress in a manner that made their family seem more presentable, for they were not representing only themselves during the ceremony. Brides from wealthy families often wore rich colors and exclusive fabrics. The amount of material a wedding dress contained also was a reflection of the brides social standing and indicated the extent of the familys wealth to wedding guests. In the 1920s, wedding dresses were typically short in the front with a longer train in the back and were worn with cloche-style wedding veils. Today, Americas traditional wedding color is white because of the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Victoria wore a white gown for the event to incorporate some lace she prized. Before then, white was a mourning color, it represented a bride whom had recently lost a loved one. Black was actually a color that was worn by the lower class because it was more favorable and could be worn again on many occasions. In the eastern cultures, the traditional wedding color was red, the color red symbolizes good luck and favorable. In modern Chinese weddings, the bride will opt for Western style dresses and traditional costumes for the official tea ceremony. In India a choice for a bride is a wedding sari, which is a traditional garment for Indian women. Over time color options and wedding fabrics have changed throughout the eastern countries. Fabrics have expanded and today, fabrics like crepe, georgette, tissue, silk, and satin have been used. Colors such as gold, pink, maroon, brown and yellow have also expanded. It seems as if the other countries around the world are starting to adopt the western tradition. At Japanese weddings, brides will often wear three or more dresses throughout the ceremony and subsequent celebrations with a traditional kimono, white and color dress combination being popular. The Javanese people of Indonesia wear a kebaya, a traditional kind of blouse, along with batik. The Native Americans have traditions different from most other countries. A Hopi (A Native American tribe) bride traditionally would have her garments woven by the groom and any men in the village who wished to participate. The garments consisted of a large belt, two all-white wedding robes, a white wedding robe with red stripes at top and bottom, white buckskin leggings and moccasins, a string for tying the hair, and a reed mat in which to wrap the outfit. A Pueblo bride wore a cotton garment tied above the right shoulder, secured with a belt around the waist. In the traditions of the Delaware, a bride would wear a knee-length skirt of deerskin and a band of wampum beads around her forehead. Wedding dresses are very diverse and unique. There are a few things that all weddings dresses have in common among all cultures. The most important thing is that bride’s want to look and feel beautiful. The wedding dress is plays a significant part in the wedding ceremony. The wedding dress gives the bride the opportunity to stand out. A wedding dress represents one of the most precious garments that a woman will wear in her lifetime. It represents religions, cultures and family traditions. Although it’s just material, the wedding dress is very important because it symbolize marriage, the union of two people who love each other.

Qatar Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Qatar Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Essay Qatar is located in Arabian Peninsula in boarders with Saudi Arabia, with only 225,000 citizens in a population of 1. 7 million. Qatar follows a conservative religious ideology, Wahhabism. While some refer to Qatar as the â€Å" Second Wahhabi Emirate,† it is traditionally known as â€Å"the most boring place in the gulf† or â€Å"the country known for being unknown (Roberts, 2012). † However, Qatar emerged as a strong state actor with extended networks of alliances in the world. The mediator role that Doha plays today is crucial in the region, particularly after the Arab Spring (HRW, 2013). Indeed, Qatar supported the Arab Uprisings across the region in 2011. In addition, Qatar invested between $65 billion and $100 billion to the FIFA world cup that it will be hosting in 2022. The Emir founded a number of humanitarian projects in Sudan, South of Lebanon, Gaza and Asia. In this paper, I attempt to answer the question of what are the driving motives of Qatar’s foreign policy in the Middle East? And why, unlike its neighboring countries, Qatar’s leadership supported the Arab appraisals of 2011? Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad Al Thani, stated, â€Å"we support those who demanded justice and dignity,† when asked about his country’s role in the Arab revolutions in an interview in 60 Minutes . In response, President Barak Obama thanked the Emir for promoting democracy in the Middle East (Al Thani, 2012). Ironically, Qatar is an absolute monarchy described as an â€Å" authoritarian regime† that is ranked 138th out of the 167 countries by Democracy Index 2011. In addition, the Freedom House lists Qatar as â€Å" not free† (freedom house), (Democracy Index, 2011). Therefore, Qatar’s lack of rule of law, freedom of speech and political rights contradict â€Å"the Emir’s efforts to promote democracy† and delegitimizes his political statements. In relevance to this hypocrisy, Qatar’s foreign policy in general and its support of democratic transitions in the Arab region in specific serves its ambitions to secure itself from threats, maintain its status quo of an independent state and take a leadership role in the region. Political Emancipation and the Saudi Threat: Al Thani family ruled Qatar for more than 150 years. Qatar attained its independence in 1971, when the British-mandate came to an end and after its refusal to join the United Arab Emirates federation. Since that date until the 1990s, Saudi Arabia acted as the de facto protector of Qatar. Consequently, the Emir took policy directions from Al Saud. However, this relationship witnessed a change in the early 1990s as tensions in bilateral relations between the two countries began to arise. After the invasion of Kuwait and Sadam’s threat to attack the Suadi kingdom, Saudi quickly reached out to western coalitions in aim of protection. As Suadi presented itself as weak and unable to defend itself, the Qataris began to doubt Saudi’s ability to protect the Qatari entity and decided to pursue a strong alliance with the US. Therefore, between 1990-1992, Qatar signed a military agreement with the United States to host its military base in Al-Odead. In response, Saudi worked to block Qatar’s pipeline exports of gas to United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Oman. As a result, tensions between the two countries intensified. Later, in 30 September 1992, Saudi attacked the Qatari boarders leaving three soldiers dead (2012). However, the clashes did not stop there. In1995, Shiekh Hamad Al Thani, the Crown Prince back then, seized power after a bloodless coup d’etat against his father. Of course, Saudi Arabia did not welcome the coup d’etat because of Hamad’s known strong motives to maintain his country’s autonomy. Instead, Saudi financially supported another coup against the current Emir. Then, Qatar detained a number of Saudi and Qatari citizens who cooperated with the Saudi government to bring the ousted prince back into power. These tensions led the Saudi-Qatar relations into a deep freeze until rapprochement happened in 2008 (2012). Since then, Shiekh Hamad Al Thani led the modernization process to create a brand name of Qatar. In its foreign policy, Qatar adopted diplomacy as a foreign policy tool that allows it to take on the mediator role in a number of regional disputes. In addition to its diplomatic activism and small size, the Qatari wealth that is invested in mediation efforts paves the way for Qatar to be a head in the political game today. A Theoretical approach on Qatar’s Mediation: The tribal nature of the Qatari society and the hierarchal system of the government lends the leadership absolute power to form the country’s economic-political agenda and foreign policy. The major two agents that determine the political strategies of Qatar’s foreign policy are its national security and its desire to establish a brand name for itself. Hence, the main key element of Qatar’s foreign policy is mediation, which is apparently is not a new political tool as the â€Å"early Al-Thanis were forced to become experts negotiators quickly in anarchic corner of the Middle East (Roberts). According to Jacob Bercovitch in his book, Studies in International Mediation, countries engage in mediation for various reasons that include â€Å"(a) a genuine desire to change the course of a long-standing conflict to promote peace, (b) a desire to gain access to major political leaders and open channels of communication, (c), a desire to spread one’s ideas and enhance standing and professional status, (d) the wish to preserve intact structure of which they are part, (e) viewing mediation as a way of extending and enhancing their own influence and gaining some value from the conflict (Roberts). Therefore, from this perspective, Qatar’s employs mediation for the enhancement of its professional status and the acquirement of power. From here, Qatar mediated a number of disputes in the region including the Hezbollah dispute with the Lebanese government, the rebellion disputes with the Northern Sudanese government and the Huothis dispute with the Yemeni government. Moreover, Participation in mediations between states is of great advantage to Qatar. Internationally, it promotes a peaceful image as a peacekeeping state in an attempt to gain worldwide respect (Roberts). Peterson argues in his work, Qatar and the World, â€Å"The fundamental advantage, however, is that it assures the legitimacy of the micro state. This in turn leads to the single most important factor: increased awareness of and legitimacy accruing to Qatar- in domestic and external terms- enhances the prospects of the states’ survival†(Roberts). Qatar neutral position and its small size makes non-threatening to other state to except negotiation with compare to Saudi which has interests in regional conflict, which leads political parties to refuse its negotiation, e. . Saudi support of the government in Yemen and rivalry with Hezbollah. On the other hand, Qatar established diplomatic relations with almost everyone. Qatar’s Foreign affairs minister, Shiekh Hamad bin Jasem Al Thani, in an interview on Al –Jazeera, was asked by Ahmed Manosur, Al Jazeera presenter, â€Å"I just want to understand one thing! In Qatar you have relations with the devils and the angels, with the Iranians and the Americans, with the Israelis and Hamas, he continued, how can we understand this policy? (Mansour, 2012). Today, Qatar unlike other state in the region, calls Tehran in the morning and Tel Aviv in the afternoon â€Å"(Roberts). It was the first state in the gulf to host trade office of Israel, established good relations with Hamas, opened communications with Hezbollah, the Emir of Qatar was the first to invite Ahmadinejad to attend the 28th Gulf Cooperation council summit in 2007. While other Arab states alienated Islamists, Qatar was in good terms with Arab oppositions, particularly Islamic groups. For example, Yusuf Al Qaradawi is an influential Islamic leader, resident of Qatar since 1960s is the main guest who taken the Qatari citizenship is Al Jazeera chief religious show. Also, other Arab political dissidents were welcomed and took Qatari citizenship such as Mohammed Hamed Al Hamari from Saudi Arabia who organized Youth Role in Change in the Arabic Gulf; young activists from across the gulf attended the conference (Al Qassemi, 2012). Al Jazeera as foreign Policy tool Part of â€Å"Brand Qatar† project, is to spread ideas and enhance Qatar’s status. The establishment of Al-Jazeera in 1996 came to serve that goal. Al Jazeera is an important tool of Qatar foreign policy, with its slogan the â€Å" The Opinion and the other Opinion† and the channel shameless criticisms to Arab leaders and programs on democracy and political rights. Al Jazeera soon gained the respect of Arab public compare to other media alternatives that are state sponsored (Khtib, 2013). The channel broadcasted the revolutions across the Arab spring countries – except the appraisals in Bahrain . The spread of revolutions were feared by Arab states, yet Qatar seemed to support the revolutions through Al Jazeera. That is said to be reason that inspired the youth in Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen to rebel against their governments and demand freedom and dignity. Nevertheless, The channel neutrality was under question, during the Egyptian elections, Al Jazeera hosted members of MB like Khirat Al Shater, and Moahhmed Mosri. Sultan Al Qassimi, a, wrote about Al Jazeera’s Arabic love ffaires with MB, he discussed some of his observations, that Muslim Brotherhood supports were given the chance to express their views on through the channel while critics towards Muslim Brotherhood were barely heard in the channel (Al Qassemi, 2012). Recently, Waddah Khanfar the director – general of Al Jazeera was replaced with Shiekh Ahmed bin Jasem Al Thani, who holds degree in petroleum (Al Qassemi, 2012). This suggests that Al Jazeea is becoming less free to represents Qatar’s government preferences and its support to Muslim brotherhood. Apparently, Qatar calculations towards the Arab spring were opposite to its neighbors who supported Mubarak regime. It saw an opportunity to ally itself with revolutions to promote for its image as â€Å"Pro- Arab public † and play regional role in Arab-Arab relations despite the policy risks its taking incase these revolutions were not successful. Through Qatar’s Money, Al-Jazeera, regional mediations and international pressure, Doha was successful in making the Arab Spring an opportunity so that it plays valuable role and take a leadership role in the region. Qatar in the Arab Spring: Qatar natural position had to be changed when it realized that change will topple the former leaders to stay at the head of the game head of Saudi, After Mubarak’s fall, Qatar supported Muslim brotherhood in Egypt. Shiekh Hamad Al Thani, the foreign minster of Qatar state that his country won’t allow Egypt to go bankrupt, Doha transferred five billion dollars to Egypt to meet its financial obligations. In addition to the financial support, Al Jazeera members’ Muslim brotherhoods are regularly interviewed to spread their influence. Middle Ease Scholar, Alain Gresh calls Al Jazeera the mouthpiece of Muslim brotherhood (Khatib, 2013). Furthermore, Rashid Al Ghanushi of Al Nahdha party of Tunisia, stated in an interview with Al Arab newspaper that Qatar is a major partner of the Arab spring revolutions hence it’s also a partner in next period of democratic transition and development since it offers development projects to support the economy of the Arab spring states (2012). Qatar had to intervene in Libya and Syria to sustain its leading regional position. It was the first country to lead the international action against Gaddafi. Qatar supplied the rebels with total US$2billion. On the other hand, Qatar involved in arming Syrian rebels like the Free Syrian Army. Also, it was successful in unifying the Syrian opposition. The importance of Qatar involvement in the latter is to counter Iranian influence by allying with opposition while Assad regime is backed by Iran (Khatib, 2013). In contrast to this, Al Jazeera was silent towards the uprisings in Bahrian. Qatar has been selective in backing uprisings there. The reason behind that, is Saudi Arabia influence that views the situation as â€Å"Shi’a uprising â€Å" and regional rivalry with Iran, hence any intervention from Qatar’s side in Bahraini issue would result tensions (Roberts, 2012). In conclusion, Qatar had different view towards the Arab Spring compare to its neighbors. Its objective to play a valuable role in the region, made Doha change its position as neutral state and take foreign policy risks. Although the question of weather Qatar made the right policy decisions or not remains unanswered yet. However, Doha succeeded in playing regional role a head of regional power like Saudi and influenced the Arab countries to take collective action towards Libya and Syria. In addition, Qatar foreign policy faces challenges; among these challenges is the reliance on money donations to support Post Arab Spring countries that would hinder progress in Qatari diplomacy. On the other hand, the lack of democracy and rule of law domestically puts Qatar legitimacy to promote for democracy under question. Moreover, making policy changes internally such as guarantee of political and civil rights to citizens hold parliamentary elections and protection freedom of speech will give Qatar legitimacy and enhance its image in international community.

Differences Between Old And New Terrorism Criminology Essay

Differences Between Old And New Terrorism Criminology Essay Terrorism is not a new concept, and despite it was used very often over the past decade, it remains one of the most difficult issues to define. Its ambiguity comes from the different connotations that the term has gained over history. James D. Kiras points out that, although the definitions of terrorism vary widely, the all come from a common point: terrorism is a tactic characterized basically by the use of violence and the spread of fear; it can take many forms and often indiscriminately targets non-combatants. The starting points for the most disagreements about terrorism are the purposes for which violence is used, and its root causes (Kiras 2008: 372). According to Professor Adam Roberts, the term terrorism historically entered into European languages during the French revolution of 1789, when violence was used by the governments in Paris to impose their new order on a reluctant citizenry. Therefore, as recorded by the Acadà ©mie Franà §aise, the first meaning of the word terr orism was system of rule of terror (Roberts 2002). However, over the last decades the term terrorism has been used to define the recourse to violence by small groups to achieve political change. This has included ideological, ethnic, and religious exclusion or persecution (Kiras 2008). Terrorism has changed over time, and after 9/11 events, specialists in sociology, policy makers, scholars and the mass media have been widely using the term new terrorism. Therefore, David Tucker states that: This terrorism is reputedly distinguished from the old by a new structure, a new kind of personnel, and a new attitude toward violence. (Tucker 2001: 1). Furthermore, according to Professor Martha Crenshaw, in order to analyse the differences between old and new terrorism, three key aspects should be debated: goals, methods, and organization. Therefore, the new terrorism can be justified on a religious background, and the new terrorist groups considered having ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake. On the other side, the old terrorism is more comprehensible, limited and more specific, with its roots in political ideology (Crenshaw 2005). The old terrorism was regarded as being a political weapon, designed to produce chaos with the strategic purpose of, either to maintain a regime, or to create the conditions for a new one. Michael Stohls study shows that the violence of the terrorist acts is not intended simply to destroy but to be heard, and therefore terror is a message of strength, a warning designed to intimidate, to ensure compliance without the need to physically touch citizen [] the mor e extensive is the message, the more successful is the act. (Stohl 1988: 5). Stohl points out that the old terrorist groups chose their victims and targets with care, in order to achieve maximum chance of success, even if that often meant to target non-combatants or mass innocent victims. An example of terrorist act which has had an important impact on the history was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand by a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb student, Gavril Princip, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 (Roberts 2002). Another purpose was to create or enforce obedience, either of the population at large or within the ruling party, in order to ensure greater future reluctance to assist the opposing side and greater obedience to the wishes of the insurgent cause or the security forces. This type of terror was put into effect during the revolutionary movements and in revolutionary regimes to create obedience within the ruling elites, to demonstrate their vulnerability and weakness, and f orce policy change. This occurred during the French revolution in 1789 and in Peru, when Sendero Luminoso secular organisation sought to destroy the existing social and political order in order to create a Maoist regime (Stohl 1988). The new terrorism, although is not so new, has changed its purposes over the decades. According to Martha Crenshaw, the new terrorists religious point of view is related to the pursuit of mass casualties. Because their goals are religious, the new terrorists seek to kill as many people as possible (Crenshaw 2006). Very often associated with Islamic terrorists, nowadays the terrorist groups have widely developed in the fields of transport, communications and weaponry, due to the massive process of globalization. Therefore, they produce greater violence and climate of fear, in easier ways and with a lower level of risk. In the present, the most debated and feared terrorist network is the Islamic organization Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden. According to Global Security, it was  established around 1988 by bin Laden. In 1998, Al-Qaeda issued a statement under banner of The World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders saying it was the duty of all Muslims to kill US citi zens-civilian or military-and their allies everywhere. In consequence, on 9/11, 2001 a series of suicide attackers, members of Al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes, two of them crashing into the  World Trade Centre  in New York City, the third one into the  Pentagon, and the fourth plane, crashing into a field, after being redirected to Washington D.C. (Global Security 2006). Therefore, if the old terrorism could be resembled more with a form of guerrilla warfare, the new terrorism, become global war, representing a much greater danger. Moreover, in order to analyse the different methods used by the old and new terrorists, Martha Crenshaw divides them in two different categories: secular terrorists and jihad terrorists. In the secular terrorism case the violence is said to be carefully calibrated, going just far enough to achieve their objectives. While they could have killed more people, they stick to their political objectives and chose not to, because indiscriminate killing would not produce success. Therefore, Brian  Jenkins states that: terrorists seem to be more interested in having a lot of people watching, not a lot of people dead (Jenkins 1988). Although the number of their attacks achieved a great number, no attack in the preceding years was as destructive as the catastrophe of 9/11. Still there were a number of incidents that produced well over a hundred casualties, as the midair bombing of Pan Am 103, attributed to Libyan agents, or Air India, attributed to Sikh extremists who wanted an independent Pun jab. In Crenshaws opinion the jihad terrorists are lead by religion to seek mass causalities. Their attacks are more lethal and they have strategic targets. After the attacks in the United States, a series of other bombing occurred in Bali, Madrid and London, spreading fear not only on the American continent, but all over the world (Crenshaw 2006). Among examples of the new terrorism, Aum Shinrikyos attack on the Tokyo subway is the only example of use of chemical weapons (Crenshaw 2003). On the other hand, the organization is widely different between old and new terrorism. As stated by Crewnshaw the new terrorists are often described as a network rather than an organization. By contrast, the old terrorists organization is thought to have been hierarchical and centralized. The new terrorism is said to be horizontal and flat, whereas the old terrorism is vertical and pyramidal. The West German terrorists of the 70s and 80s were not tightly structured as they appear to be. They were composed of small different groups with shifting political objectives. Neither did the anarchists in the 19th century, who were certainly not a centralised organisation (Crenshaw 2006). Moreover, jihad terrorism appears to be more organizes that any other terrorist network. According to Kenneth Katzmans study, Al-Qaeda is a very well structured organisation. Also it collaborates with a range number of other terrorist groups. These are either in partnership with Al Qaeda or on their own, atte mpting to destabilize established regimes in the region. These include the Islamic Army of Aden (Yemen) and Hizb-e-Islam/Gulbuddin) (Katzman 2005). Moreover, another crucial difference between old and new terrorism is the massive use of high technology of the new terrorism groups. As indicated by John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini terrorists are likely to increasingly use advanced information technologies for offensive and defensive purposes, as well as to support their organizational structures (Arquilla et al. n.d.). Moreover, according to Kiras elements of globalization that permits the rapid exchange of ideas and good can also be leveraged and exploited by terrorist groups. The technologies associated with globalization allow terrorists to operate in a highly distributed global network that shares information and allows small cells to conduct highly coordinated, lethal attacks. Also, globalization may allow some terrorist groups to acquire, manufacture, and use weapons of mass destruction in order to conduct catastrophic attacks (Kiras 2008). To conclude, as stated by Tucker, although the networked, ad hoc character of contemporary terrorism is not new, the terrorism we experience today, at least the international terrorism, is more lethal than it was when it first emerged three decades ago and more likely to produce mass casualties (Tucker 2001). Thus, according to Crenshaw the difference between the new and the old terrorism is not as fundamental as proponents of the new terrorism view would have it. The differences among groups and over time do exist, but they are due to the changing environment, in particular the globalization (Crenshaw 2003). The new terrorism has become seriously dangerous since the 11 September 2001 attacks, which have shaped much of the history of the years since. As Grant Wardlaws study shows, it is seems likely that terrorism will be a more serious problem towards the end of the century than is currently. The present analysts believe that the incremental changes in the nature of terrorism and te rrorist groups will eventually lead some group to attempt mass destruction terrorism. Also, the changes in political socialisation which have occurred worldwide over the past few decades, together with easier access to powerful weapons, suggest the possibility that terrorism may be come to be seen by a wider range of groups as an acceptable way to stop governments operation in ways that group members see as inimical to their interest. (Wardlaw: 1989) Although it changes over the decades, terrorism remains a complex phenomen in which violence is used to obtain political power. The new terrorism presents a great danger as globalization has improved the technical capabilities of terrorists and given them global reach. In other words, globalization changed the scope and the nature of the old terrorism (Kiras 2008).

Essay example --

　　Gathered from the article "Women Get the Vote† in the New York Times, â€Å"Back in July 1776, the Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men are created equal, but it didn't say anything about women.†(Roberts, Smith), this quote reflects the central idea of the women suffrage movement. The goal was for women to be recognized with the same rights as men, which they achieved (Smiltneek). Thanks to the suffrage movement, America has been forever changed and opened new doors for females. Women of society have evolved into a strong and independent union from the resulting actions of the Women’s Suffrage Movement. 　　Early history, dating back before the women’s suffrage movement, is a key factor to the initiation to the fight for women’s rights. As far back as the Declaration of Independence, women who owned property actually had the right to vote in New Jersey but it took thirty years and that was no longer allowed in the beginning of the 1800’s (Roberts, Smith). The factor that sparked the Women’s Suffrage Movement was Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott being excluded from the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention due to the fact they were females (Smiltneek). This led the women to composing the Declaration of Sentiment and Resolutions. It is a document laying out the concerns pertaining to women. Seneca Falls, New York marks the inception of the movement for women’s suffrage. This historical phase took place in the year of 1848 when Elizabeth Cady Stanton along with Lucretia Mott endorsed their document. In addition to signing this doc ument, they also composed it. Points they addressed in their testimony included the lack of education arranged for women as well as occupational openings, and laws regarding to custody of childre... ...rought positive enhancements in the duration and afterwards. In Wyoming, women were elected as mayors and an all-women’s fire department was dedicated to them. Other significant effect included Susan Wissle becoming the first mayor of Wyoming in the town Dayton of 1911. Nellie Tayloe Ross was also the first female governor in the whole nation (Layser). This paragraph’s focal point was to visualize some mass effect and historical alterations that would not have occurred at that time if the women’s suffrage movement had not taken place. 　　In conclusion, society’s women have progressed from having limited rights to having privileges they deserved all along, and in doing so, they have achieved a lifetime of rewards. The women’s suffrage movement also defined women gaining more independence by taking control of their rights as well as becoming stronger during this battle.

Saving Private Ryan - Captain Miller Displays the Five Types of Power E

Saving Private Ryan - Captain Miller Displays the Five Types of Power Many people in this world have power and influence. Yet, there are few who have the traits needed to be an incredible leader. These people who are positive leaders tend to leave strong impressions in our minds for years or maybe even a lifetime. In choosing a movie with a character that portrayed a strong sense of power and influence, and possessed the traits of a good leader, I remembered a character that left an admirable impression in my mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Saving Private Ryan is a perfect example of a movie with all of the elements of powerful and influential leaders. Specifically, Tom Hanks who plays Captain John Miller is a strong willed individual with a commitment to his country. He leads his troop through battlefields and dangerous predicaments during World War II. It is his knowledge of combating the enemy, which leads him into a precarious situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captain Miller is assigned the difficult task of finding Private Ryan who is missing along with most of his troop, which was divided after an attack. The reason for the mission is because Private Ryan’s three brothers had just died in the war. Private Ryan is to be sent home immediately. The rest of the events that unfold entail tragedies and accomplishments that lead to Captain Miller’s final command.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking back at how Captain Miller was a powerful leader throughout the movie is evident in most everything that he does. He was a legitimate Captain with much training in his position as an authoritative figure. With every command that he gives, he exerts his power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to French and Raven (1960), there are five types of power. They are reward, coercive, legitimate, expert, and referent power. It is easy to apply each one of these types of power to Captain Miller and his approach to leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first type of power, reward power, is the potential of an organization or member in a specified role to offer positive incentives for good behavior. In an organization these incentives may include bonuses, vacations, or promotions. The incentives may vary from one member of a role to another. Captain Miller may have exerted reward power by giving his soldiers easier work when they behaved properly. Another way that he may have used this power is by allowing them to take breaks when they should have kept go... ...e stable emotions, and is less defensive. He did not get caught up in what was actually happening too often. Whenever a time like this came about, he stopped to gather himself so that he could be a good leader for the rest of the troop. When a person’s behavior is consistent with expressed values and that person is honest and trustworthy, they are said to have integrity. Captain Miller was completely honest with his men. He was also someone who could be trusted. At one point in the movie, one of the soldiers told the Captain a very personal story about their life. Since he was a good leader, he listened and gave the soldier advice on the subject. One of the most important traits that Captain Miller had was his intellect. He was smarter than the average person was. He came up with brilliant ideas to stop the enemy. His troop listened to him and obeyed him because they knew that he was knowledgeable in what he was talking about. Captain Miller was a powerful and influential leader. He led his men through some of the hardest times of the war. Not only did he display the five types of power, he showed that he had all of the traits necessary to be an extraordinary leader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Essays --

All it takes is one person to take the lives of twenty six students. Imagine dropping your kid off at school, and finding out that they, along with twenty five other classmates were killed by a single gunman. This was the reality for many parents at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newton, Connecticut. And while this terrorist act affected the lives of 26 families, it also affected America as a nation. A day after the tragic shooting, the National Rifle Association’s Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre addressed the media, and examined how America needs to take action to protect our children. In La Pierre’s speech, he claims how the effect of a gun can differ depending on who is firing the gun. Through the use of logos, pathos, and demagoguery, he effectively provides an argument that existing gun laws have not saved us from the violence that our society has developed. The use of Logos in LaPierre’s speech is evident through the use of facts supported by his impactful words and statistics. LaPierre depicts how the media has created a violent culture in our society today, â€Å"A child growing up in America witnesses 16,000 murders and 200,000 acts of violence by the time he or she reaches the ripe old age of 18.†(La Pierre, 17) He claims that in today’s world, many movies, video games, and T.V. shows depict violent situation that usually involved bad guys shooting innocent people. LaPierre wants people to see that the media is too blame for this violent culture. By using large numbers such as sixteen and two hundred thousand, he is able to prove that media does have an effect on our society. LaPierre believes that anything can influence society, and the killers are the ones who will incorporate movie scenes into their real life actions... ... right now, starting today, in a way that we know works †(LaPierre, 3) The italicized words allow the audience to reflect on themselves. LaPierre wants people to realize that they can make a change and provide money/guns for school security even if the government will not. He also states the words â€Å"we† and â€Å"family† throughout his whole speech. This is LaPierre’s most effective use of Pathos. He is constantly remind the audience he is on their side and that he is suffering with all the families that have lost loved ones. LaPierre incorporated pathos and logos to create the effect he desired on his audience. He demonstrates logos effectively by the use of facts and supporting evidence. He also uses pathos to appeal to the audience’s emotions. Both strategies, give provide a greater chance that the audience will agree with his argument for armed security in schools. Essays -- All it takes is one person to take the lives of twenty six students. Imagine dropping your kid off at school, and finding out that they, along with twenty five other classmates were killed by a single gunman. This was the reality for many parents at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newton, Connecticut. And while this terrorist act affected the lives of 26 families, it also affected America as a nation. A day after the tragic shooting, the National Rifle Association’s Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre addressed the media, and examined how America needs to take action to protect our children. In La Pierre’s speech, he claims how the effect of a gun can differ depending on who is firing the gun. Through the use of logos, pathos, and demagoguery, he effectively provides an argument that existing gun laws have not saved us from the violence that our society has developed. The use of Logos in LaPierre’s speech is evident through the use of facts supported by his impactful words and statistics. LaPierre depicts how the media has created a violent culture in our society today, â€Å"A child growing up in America witnesses 16,000 murders and 200,000 acts of violence by the time he or she reaches the ripe old age of 18.†(La Pierre, 17) He claims that in today’s world, many movies, video games, and T.V. shows depict violent situation that usually involved bad guys shooting innocent people. LaPierre wants people to see that the media is too blame for this violent culture. By using large numbers such as sixteen and two hundred thousand, he is able to prove that media does have an effect on our society. LaPierre believes that anything can influence society, and the killers are the ones who will incorporate movie scenes into their real life actions... ... right now, starting today, in a way that we know works †(LaPierre, 3) The italicized words allow the audience to reflect on themselves. LaPierre wants people to realize that they can make a change and provide money/guns for school security even if the government will not. He also states the words â€Å"we† and â€Å"family† throughout his whole speech. This is LaPierre’s most effective use of Pathos. He is constantly remind the audience he is on their side and that he is suffering with all the families that have lost loved ones. LaPierre incorporated pathos and logos to create the effect he desired on his audience. He demonstrates logos effectively by the use of facts and supporting evidence. He also uses pathos to appeal to the audience’s emotions. Both strategies, give provide a greater chance that the audience will agree with his argument for armed security in schools.